Final Exam (Fall '23)

1. When working in an application, when do you save your work?

2. Describe the difference between HTML, CSS, and Javascript.

3. About how much storage space would each of the following most likely take up? ... and can it be sent as an email attachment or not?

   • NOTE: the actual exam may have different numbers for length/size for you to estimate

   • 8 page text paper in Microsoft Word

   • 3min song saved as an Mp3

   • 3min song saved as a WAV

   • high resolution RAW photo taken by a mirrorless professional level camera

   • 1hour concert video stored in high quality (1080p MP4)

4. What is proper gain staging (or proper gain structure) for live sound? (talk about the steps you would take to find the proper level for each part of the system — from mic to speaker — and how to avoid "clipping")

   • *First* turn off amplifiers (main speakers and stage monitors are often "active" which means they have amplifiers inside the speaker)

   • on the mixer

     • set channel volume faders and main outs to Unity (ØdB)

     • set the preamp gain knob to lowest setting

     • with headphones (or just visually) set proper gain structure for each channel:

       1. press PFL/SOLO button on the channel

       2. engage HPF if source has no low end (always engage for vocals)

       3. slowly bring up preamp gain knob as performer sounds into the mic until the VU meter averages around -18dB and never peaks at higher than -6dB

       4. unSOLO the track and perform the three steps above with the next channel, etc.

   • *Last* (after all channels have been setup individually) have everyone perform together and with volume knob of amplifiers (main speakers and stage monitors) turned all the way down, slowly turn up volume knobs on amplifiers until you reach the desired volume in the space.

5. What is feedback and what are some ways to avoid/lesson it?

   • reasons for feedback:

     • mic too close to PA speaker

     • mic too far from source being amplified

     • too many mics

   • ways to minimize feedback issues:

     • experiment with the placement of a microphone

       • the closer the microphone is to the source the more the preamp gain can be lowered

     • placing the speakers between the microphone and the audience (speakers along the front of the stage) can greatly lesson feedback issues because the microphone will not pickup its own amplified signal

     • use directional mics to isolate sounds being picked up

     • add acoustic treatment (absorption) to especially "live" rooms with many hard surfaces

     • add an audience! (rooms without an audience sound very different than rooms with no audience)

     • use a spectral analyzer to identify feedback frequencies and fine tune EQ

6. Discuss the difference between a MusicXML file, a MIDI file, and a WAV file.

7. Explain how analog to digital conversion works using the terms "sample rate" and "bit depth" in your answer. Also, write the following out with blanks filled in:

   • An analog signal is a continuous signal; analog signal values are known for all moments in time.

   • A digital signal is a discrete signal; digital signals are only known at certain specific times.

8. Discuss when to use lossless audio files and when to use lossy audio files (and give examples of each file type).

9. When recording audio: discuss 1) where to put the mic, 2) what sample rate and bit depth I suggest you use, and 3) what two levels you are looking for on the level meter to set preamp levels.

10. List and describe at least 4 components that exist in most analog synthesizers.

    • oscillator, modulation (LFO), filter, envelop (ADSR), amplitude, etc.

BONUS (10 points): What is one more subject you would like to have had covered in this class?