Copyright & Licensing
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a protection given to authors and inventors to have exclusive rights to what they create for a limited time (they have a "limited" monopoly of their work) ... so no one else can do the following without asking their permission: 1) make copies; 2) make derivative works; 3) distribute copies; 4) perform works publicly; 5) display works publicly; and 6) perform works publicly via digital transmission.
[The Congress shall have Power . . . ] To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries. (US Constitution - Article I, Section 8, Clause 8)
(Copyright Society of the USA)
permission you get from the copyright holder to exercise one of their exclusive rights (many times this requires a fee)
(Copyright Society of the USA)
Performing Rights Organizations in US = and
the exemption to exercise one or more of the creators exclusive rights without getting permission for educational or scholarly purposes ... but you must go through a fair use analysis to make sure each specific use falls under "fair use" or not
tools to help people share their work = the creator giving certain permissions rather than the user having to seek out the permissions from the creator
once the "limited" monopoly of copyright is up, works fall into the public domain (so you do not need to seek permission from the copyright holder to exercise any of the rights that fall under copyright ... but you must still cite the work to avoid plagiarism
to present someone else's work as if it were created by you